Data behind: How many players are at the frontier?

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How many players are at the frontier?

How it's computed: Counts computed by this site from Epoch's model database. Epoch's 'frontier' subset = models in the top 5 by training compute when released. Many recent models have undisclosed compute, so the ≥10^25 FLOP counts are a lower bound. Co-developed models count every listed organisation. Some values are computed by this site from the sourced series (see note).
Source: Epoch AI, Data on AI models (frontier and large-scale subsets) · link [2] [3]
As of: 3 Sep 2026 · fetched 24 Oct 2026

Year / date	Organisations releasing a top-5-compute model that year (count of organisations / countries)	Countries of those organisations (count of organisations / countries)	Organisations with any model ≥10^25 FLOP (cumulative) (count of organisations / countries)	Countries with any model ≥10^25 FLOP (cumulative) (count of organisations / countries)
2017	4	2	0	0
2018	3	2	0	0
2019	9	2	0	0
2020	4	1	0	0
2021	12	5	0	0
2022	3	1	0	0
2023	8	3	3	1
2024	7	2	9	3
2025	4	1	11	3
2026	1	1	15	3